Heterocyclic compounds and methods of their use

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates generally to compounds that are useful in antagonizing the angiotensin II type 2 (AT 2 ) receptor. More particularly, the invention relates to substituted isoquinoline compounds and their use as AT 2  receptor antagonists. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds and their use in modulating the AT 2  receptor and therapies that require modulation of the AT 2  receptor are described.

FIELDS OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to compounds that are useful in antagonizing the angiotensin II type 2 (AT₂) receptor. More particularly, the invention relates to heterocyclic compounds of formula (I) and their use as AT₂ receptor antagonists. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds and their use in modulating the AT₂ receptor and therapies that require modulation of the AT₂ receptor are described.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Although the AT₂ receptor has been known since the 1980s, much less is known about its biological function than the angiotensin II type 1 (AT₁) receptor, which has been studied for its functional effects on vasoconstriction, aldosterone release and cardiovascular growth [Wexler et al., 1996]. However, more recently the AT₂ receptor has been implicated in the differentiation and regeneration of neuronal tissue [Steckelings et al., 2005; Chakrabarty et al., 2008], cell proliferation and angiogenesis [Clere et al., 2010] and maintenance of bone mass [Izu et al., 2009].

AT₂ receptor antagonists have also recently been associated with the treatment of pain [Anand et al. 2012; Smith, Woodruff et al., 2013], particularly inflammatory pain [WO 2007/106938; Chakrabarty et al. 2013] and neuropathic pain [WO 2006/066361; Smith et al. 2013], two types of pain which are difficult to treat or relieve. Impaired nerve conduction velocity is also associated with nerve damage and has been implicated in peripheral neuropathies, Carpel Tunnel Syndrome, ulnar neuropathy, Guillian-Barré Syndrome, fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy and spinal disc herneation. Impaired nerve conduction velocity can result in diminished reflex responses and altered peripheral sensation such as parathesia and in some cases pain and AT₂ receptor antagonists have been shown to restore nerve conduction velocity [WO 2011/088504].

While there are effective therapies for treating nociceptive pain, inflammatory and neuropathic pain are often resistant to these therapies. In addition, current therapies of neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, impaired nerve conduction velocity and other types of pain that are difficult to treat, have serious side effects, for example, cognitive changes, sedation, nausea and in the case of narcotic drugs, tolerance and dependence. There is a need for further therapies that treat or prevent neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, impaired nerve conduction velocity and other painful conditions that are currently difficult to treat.

Cell proliferation and angiogenesis are important biological functions in normal tissue. However, uncontrolled cell proliferation and angiogenesis can lead to tumors and other proliferative disorders. While there are some effective chemotherapies available for tumors, many result in unpleasant side effects and/or have high toxicity for normal cells. Further therapies for reducing or preventing abnormal cell proliferation in a controlled manner are required and AT₂ receptor antagonists have been shown to have antiproliferative activity [Clere et al., 2010].

Osteoporosis is a significant problem in older populations, especially in post-menopausal women. Current therapies for osteoporosis rely on calcium supplementation. However, the control of bone formation and bone resorption is complex and further therapies for improving bone mass are required and AT₂ receptor antagonists have been shown to increase bone mass [Izu et al., 2009].

The role of the AT₂ receptor in modulating neuronal outgrowth and associated effects of AT₂ receptor antagonists on reducing neuronal outgrowth, indicates that AT₂ receptor antagonists may be useful therapeutics in diseases characterized by aberrant nerve regeneration [Chakrabarty et al., 2008].

The present invention is predicated in part on the discovery of heterocyclic tetrahydroisoquinoline compounds that have AT₂ receptor antagonist activity.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a compound of formula (I):

wherein R₁ is —C(═O)CHR₆R₇, —C(═O)NR₆R₇, —C(═O)CH₂CHR₆R₇, —C(═)CH═CR₆R₇. —C(═S)CH—R₆R₇, —C(═S)NR₆R₇, —C(═S)CH₂CHR₆R₇, —C(═S)CH═CR₆R₇, —C(═NR₈)CHR₆R₇, —C(═NR₈)NR₆R₇, —C(═NR₈)CH₂CHR₆R₇ and —C(═NR₈)CH═CR₆R₇; one of R₂ and R₃ is hydrogen or oxo (═O) and the other is a carboxylic acid, —CH₂CO₂H, —C(═O)-2-glucuronic acid, —C(═O)C(═O)OH, —CH₂OH, —C(═O)NH₂, —CH₂C(═O)NH₂, —CN, —CH₂CN, a carboxylic acid bioisostere or a —CH₂-carboxylic acid bioisostere; R₄ is hydrogen, R₉, —C₁₋₆alkylR₉, —C₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —C₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —OH, —OR₉, —OC₁₋₆alkylR₉, —OC₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —OC₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —NHC(═O)R₉, —NHC(O)C₁₋₆alkylR₉, —NHC(═)C₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —NHC(═O)C₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —NHC(═O)NHR₉, —NHC(═O)NHC₁₋₆alkylR₉, —NHC(═)NHC₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —NHC(═O)NHC₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —NHC(═O)OR₉, —NHC(═O)OC₁₋₆alkylR₉, —NHC(═O)OC₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —NHC(═O)OC₂₋₆ alkynylR₉, —NHSO₂R₉, —NHSO₂C₁₋₆alkylR₉, —NHSO₂C₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —NHSO₂C₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —SO₂NHR₉, —SO₂NHC₁₋₆alkylR₉, —SO₂NHC₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —SO₂NHC₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —C(═O)NHR₉, —C(═O)NHC₁₋₆alkylR₉, —C(═O)NHC₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —C(═O)NHC₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —C(═O)R₉, —C(═O)C₁₋₆alkylR₉, —C(═O)C₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —C(═O)C₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —C(═O)OR₉, —C(═O)OC₁₋₆alkylR₉, —C(═O)OC₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —C(═O)OC₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —C(═O)NHR₉, —C(═O)NHC₁₋₆alkylR₉, —C(═O)NHC₂₋₆alkenylR₉ or —C(═O)NHC₂₋₆alkynylR₉; R₅ is hydrogen, —OH, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C(R₁₀)₃, —OC(R₁₀)₃, aryl, —C₁₋₆alkylaryl or —OC₁₋₆alkylaryl; R₆ and R₇ are independently hydrogen, —C₁₋₆alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, —CH₂aryl, —CH₂cycloalkyl, —CH₂cycloalkenyl, —CH₂heterocyclyl or —CH₂heteroaryl; provided that R₆ and R₇ are not both hydrogen; R₈ is hydrogen, —C₁₋₆alkyl, aryl or —C₁₋₆alkylaryl; R₉ is cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; each R₁₀ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogen; and wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; provided that:

-   -   (i) R₄ and R₅ are not both hydrogen; and     -   (ii) when R₂ is —CH₂OH, CO₂H or a carboxylic acid bioisostere         and R₄ is hydrogen, phenyl, —Ophenyl, —C₁₋₄alkylphenyl or         —OC₁₋₄alkylphenyl in which the alkyl group is unsubstituted,         biphenyl, —Obiphenyl, naphthyl or —Onaphthyl, R₅ is not         hydrogen, —OC₁₋₄alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, naphthyl, biphenyl or         —Oaryl.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of treating or preventing neuropathic pain in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In yet a further aspect of the invention there is provided a method of treating or preventing a condition characterized by neuronal hypersensitivity in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In yet another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of treating or preventing inflammatory pain in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing impaired nerve conduction velocity in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In yet a further aspect of the invention there is provided a method of producing analgesia in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In still another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of treating or preventing a cell proliferative disorder in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In a further aspect the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing a disorder associated with an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In yet another aspect the present invention provides a method of treating a disorder associated with aberrant nerve regeneration in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, preferred methods and materials are described. For the purposes of the present invention, the following terms are defined below.

The articles “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e. to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, “an element” means one element or more than one element.

As used herein, the term “about” refers to a quantity, level, value, dimension, size, or amount that varies by as much as 30%, 25%, 20%, 15% or 10% to a reference quantity, level, value, dimension, size, or amount.

As used herein, the term “AT₂ receptor” means an angiotensin II type 2 (AT₂) receptor polypeptide that can bind angiotensin II and/or one or more other ligands. The term “AT₂ receptor” encompasses vertebrate homologs of AT₂ receptor family members, including, but not limited to, mammalian, reptilian and avian homologs. Representative mammalian homologs of AT₂ receptor family members include, but are not limited to, murine and human homologs.

The term “antagonist” as used herein refers to a compound that decreases or inhibits the biological activity and/or function of an AT₂ receptor, including binding to the AT₂ receptor and blocking access to angiotensin II, inhibiting a gene that expresses AT₂ receptor, or inhibiting an expression product of that gene. By the term “selective”, is meant that the compound binds to and/or inhibits AT₂ receptor activity to a greater extent than binding and inhibition of the AT₁ receptor. In some instances, selective refers to binding and/or inhibition of the AT₂ receptor with little or no binding at the AT₁ receptor.

The term “allodynia” as used herein refers to the pain that results from a non-noxious stimulus i.e. pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain. Examples of allodynia include, but are not limited to, cold allodynia, tactile allodynia (pain due to light pressure or touch), and the like.

The term “analgesia” is used herein to describe states of reduced pain perception, including absence from pain sensations as well as states of reduced or absent sensitivity to noxious stimuli. Such states of reduced or absent pain perception are induced by the administration of a pain-controlling agent or agents and occur without loss of consciousness, as is commonly understood in the art. The term analgesia encompasses the term “antinociception”, which is used in the art as a quantitative measure of analgesia or reduced pain sensitivity in animal models.

The term “anti-allodynia” is used herein to describe states of reduced pain perception, including absence from pain sensations as well as states of reduced or absent sensitivity to non-noxious stimuli. Such states of reduced or absent pain perception are induced by the administration of a pain-controlling agent or agents and occur without loss of consciousness, as is commonly understood in the art.

The term “causalgia” as used herein refers to the burning pain, allodynia, and hyperpathia after a traumatic nerve lesion, often combined with vasomotor and sudomotor dysfunction and later trophic changes.

By “complex regional pain syndromes” is meant the pain that includes, but is not limited to, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, causalgia, sympathetically maintained pain, and the like.

By “condition characterized by neuronal hypersensitivity” is meant conditions that have symptoms of pain related to neuronal hypersensitivity and/or allodynia. Examples of this type of condition include fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome.

By “disorder associated with aberrant nerve regeneration” is meant disorders in which there is abnormal axon outgrowth in neurons. This abnormal outgrowth may be associated with painful conditions including breast pain, interstitial cystitis, vulvodynia and cancer chemotherapy-induced neuropathies.

Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the words “comprise”, “comprises” and “comprising” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated step or element or group of steps or elements but not the exclusion of any other step or element or group of steps or elements.

By “hyperalgesia” is meant an increased response to a stimulus that is normally painful. A hyperalgesia condition is one that is associated with pain caused by a stimulus that is not normally painful.

By “neuropathic pain” is meant any pain syndrome initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the peripheral or central nervous system. Examples of neuropathic pain include, but are not limited to, thermal or mechanical hyperalgesia, thermal or mechanical allodynia, diabetic pain, entrapment pain, and the like.

The term “nociceptive pain” refers to the normal, acute pain sensation evoked by activation of nociceptors located in non-damaged skin, viscera and other organs in the absence of sensitization.

As used herein “inflammatory pain” refers to pain induced by inflammation. Such types of pain may be acute or chronic and can be due to any number of conditions characterized by inflammation including, without limitation, burns including chemical, frictional or thermal burns, autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, ostcoarthritis and inflammatory bowel disease including Crohn's disease and colitis, as well as other inflammatory diseases including carditis, dermatitis, myositis, neuritis and collagen vascular diseases.

The term “pain” as used herein is given its broadest sense and includes an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage and includes the more or less localized sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony, resulting from the stimulation of specialized nerve endings. There are many types of pain, including, but not limited to, lightning pains, phantom pains, shooting pains, acute pain, inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, complex regional pain, neuralgia, neuropathy, and the like (Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 28^(th) Edition, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pa.). The goal of treatment of pain is to reduce the degree of severity of pain perceived by a treatment subject.

By the phrases “impaired NCV” or “impaired nerve conduction velocity” and the like is meant any nerve conduction demonstrably abnormal in any one of the parameters assessed for normal nerve signal conduction. Whether the various parameters of NCV are normal is typically an assessment made by the relevant trained clinician. General background, terminology and procedures known to those in the art for evaluating NCV are described in “Proper performance and interpretation of electrodiagnostic studies' Muscle Nerve. (2006) 33(3):436-439 and “Electrodiagnostic medicine listing of sensory, motor, and mixed nerves.” Appendix J of Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) 2007, authored by The American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine and published by the American Medical Association. Impaired or abnormal nerve conduction velocity is a symptom of nerve dysfunction or damage and may be causal to or a symptom of a large number of diseases or disorders, particularly diseases or disorders that exhibit diminished reflex responses and altered peripheral sensation including parasthesia. As used herein, “paresthesia” refers to a sensation of tingling, prickling, weakness or numbness in a subject's skin. It is also known as “pins and needles” or a limb “falling asleep”. Paresthesia may be transient, acute or chronic and may occur alone or be accompanied by other symptoms such as pain.

As used herein, the term “cell proliferative disorder” refers to diseases or conditions where unwanted or damaged cells are not removed by normal cellular process, or diseases or conditions in which cells undergo aberrant, unwanted or inappropriate proliferation. Disorders characterized by inappropriate cell proliferation include, for example, inflammatory conditions such as inflammation arising from acute tissue injury including, for example, acute lung injury, cancer including cancers characterized by tumors, autoimmune disorders, tissue hypertrophy and the like.

The term “disorder associated with an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation” includes disorders where there is insufficient development of bone mass, excessive bone resorption and insufficient bone formation during remodelling. An exemplary disorder associated with an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation is osteoporosis.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to a straight chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Where appropriate, the alkyl group may have a specified number of carbon atoms, for example, C₁₋₆alkyl which includes alkyl groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms in a linear or branched arrangement. Examples of suitable alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 4-methylbutyl, n-hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 5-methylpentyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 3-ethylbutyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl and decyl.

As used herein, the term “alkenyl” refers to a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having one or more double bonds between carbon atoms and having 2 to 10 carbon atoms. Where appropriate, the alkenyl group may have a specified number of carbon atoms. For example, C₂-C₆ as in “C₂-C₆alkenyl” includes groups having 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms in a linear or branched arrangement. Examples of suitable alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, butadienyl, pentenyl, pentadienyl, hexenyl, hexadienyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl and decenyl.

As used herein, the term “alkynyl” refers to a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having one or more triple bonds and having 2 to 10 carbon atoms. Where appropriate, the alkynyl group may have a specified number of carbon atoms. For example, C₂-C₆ as in “C₂-C₆alkynyl” includes groups having 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms in a linear or branched arrangement. Examples of suitable alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl and hexynyl.

As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl” refers to a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon. The cycloalkyl ring may include a specified number of carbon atoms. For example, a 3 to 8 membered cycloalkyl group includes 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms. Examples of suitable cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.

As used herein, the term “cycloalkenyl” refers to an unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon. The cycloalkenyl ring may include a specified number of carbon atoms. For example, a 5 to 8 membered cycloalkenyl group includes 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms. The cycloalkenyl group has one or more double bonds and when more than one double bond is present, the double bonds may be unconjugated or conjugated, however the cycloalkenyl group is not aromatic. Examples of suitable cycloalkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptenyl, cycloheptadienyl, cycloheptatrienyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclooctadienyl and cyclooctatrienyl rings.

As used herein, the term “aryl” is intended to mean any stable, monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic carbon ring system of up to 7 atoms in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic. Examples of such aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, fluorenyl, phenanthrenyl, biphenyl and binaphthyl.

The term “benzyl” where used herein refers to a phenylmethylene group, C₆H₅CH₂—.

As used herein, the term “halogen” or “halo” refers to fluorine (fluoro), chlorine (chloro), bromine (bromo) and iodine (iodo).

The term “heterocyclic” or “heterocyclyl” as used herein, refers to a cyclic hydrocarbon in which one to four carbon atoms have been replaced by heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, N(R), S, S(O), S(O)₂ and O. A heterocyclic ring may be saturated or unsaturated but not aromatic. A heterocyclic group may also be part of a spirocyclic group containing 1, 2 or 3 rings, two of which are in a “spiro” arrangement. Examples of suitable heterocyclyl groups include azetidine, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyranyl, dioxolanyl, piperidinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazolinyl, thiazolinyl, dithiolyl, oxathiolyl, dioxanyl, dioxinyl, dioxazolyl, oxathiozolyl, oxazolonyl, piperazinyl, morpholino, thiomorpholinyl, 3-oxomorpholinyl, dithianyl, trithianyl and oxazinyl.

The term “heteroaryl” as used herein, represents a stable monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring of up to 7 atoms in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic and at least one ring contains from 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S. Heteroaryl groups within the scope of this definition include, but are not limited to, acridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, pyrazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 1H,3H-1-oxoisoindolyl, benzotriazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiophenyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, benzodioxane, benzodioxin, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, 1,2,4,5-tetrazinyl, tetrazolyl, carbazolyl, xanthenyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, azepinyl, oxepinyl and thiepinyl. Particular heteroaryl groups have 5- or 6-membered rings, such as pyrazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 1H,3H-1-oxoisoindolyl, isoxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl and 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl and 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl.

Each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl whether an individual entity or as part of a larger entity may be optionally substituted with one or more optional substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, oxo (═O), —OH, —SH, C₁₋₆alkylO—, C₂₋₆alkenylO—, C₃₋₆cycloalkylO—, C₁₋₆alkylS—, C₂₋₆alkenylS—, C₃₋₆cycloalkylS—, —CO₂H, —CO₂C₁₋₆alkyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), —N(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂, —NH(phenyl), —N(phenyl)₂, —N(C₁₋₆alkyl)(phenyl), —CN, —NO₂, -halogen, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —SCF₃, —CHF₂, —OCHF₂, —SCHF₂, -phenyl, -heterocyclyl, -heteroaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —Ophenyl, —C(O)phenyl and —C(O)C₁₋₆alkyl. Examples of suitable substituents include, but are not limited to, methyl ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, ten-butyl, vinyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, butylthio, hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, hydroxybutyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, cyano, nitro, —CO₂H, —CO₂CH₃, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoromethylthio, difluoromethyl, difluoromethoxy, difluoromethylthio, morpholino, amino, methylamino, dimethylamino, phenyl, phenoxy, phenylcarbonyl, benzyl and acetyl.

The term “carboxylic acid bioisotere” refers to a group which is physiochemically or topologically similar to carboxylic acid or carboxylate group. Examples of suitable carboxylic acid bioisosteres include, but are not limited to, tetrazole, tetrazolate, —CONH— tetrazole, oxadiazole, phosphate (—PO₃H₂), —C(OH)(CF₃)₂, alkylsulfonamides, N-(aryl or heteroaryl)-sulfonamides, acylsulfonamides and sulfonic acid (—SO₃H) [See Patani and LaVoie, 1996]. Examples of sulfonamide isosteric equivalents of carboxy groups include —C(═O)NHSO₂R^(a), —C(═O)NHSO₂N(R^(a))₂, —C(═O)NHSO₂NH(R^(a)), —SO₂NHC(═O)R^(a), —SO₂NHC(═O)NHR^(a), —SO₂NHR^(a) and —NHSO₂R^(a), where R^(a) is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, —CF₃ and —CHF₂.

The compounds of the invention may be in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts. It will be appreciated however that non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts also fall within the scope of the invention since these may be useful as intermediates in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts or may be useful during storage or transport. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, salts of pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, sulphuric, phosphoric, nitric, carbonic, boric, sulfamic, and hydrobromic acids, or salts of pharmaceutically acceptable organic acids such as acetic, propionic, butyric, tartaric, maleic, hydroxymaleic, fumaric, citric, lactic, mucic, gluconic, benzoic, succinic, oxalic, phenylacetic, methanesulphonic, toluenesulphonic, benezenesulphonic, salicylic sulphanilic, aspartic, glutamic, edetic, stearic, palmitic, oleic, lauric, pantothenic, tannic, ascorbic and valeric acids.

Base salts include, but are not limited to, those formed with pharmaceutically acceptable cations, such as sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium and alkylammonium.

Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halide, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl and diethyl sulfate; and others.

It will also be recognised that compounds of the invention may possess asymmetric centres and are therefore capable of existing in more than one stereoisomeric form. The invention thus also relates to compounds in substantially pure isomeric form at one or more asymmetric centres eg., greater than about 90% ee, such as about 95% or 97% ee or greater than 99% ee, as well as mixtures, including racemic mixtures, thereof. Such isomers may be prepared by asymmetric synthesis, for example using chiral intermediates, or by chiral resolution. The compounds of the invention may exist as geometric isomers. The invention also relates to compounds in substantially pure cis (Z) or trans (E) or mixtures thereof.

COMPOUNDS OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a compound of formula (I):

wherein R₁ is —C(═O)CHR₆R₇, —C(═O)NR₆R₇, —C(═O)CH₂CHR₆R₇, —C(═O)CH═CR₆R₇, —C(═S)CHR₆R₇, —C(═S)NR₆R₇, —C(═S)CH₂CHR₆R₇, —C(═S)CH═CR₆R₇, —C(═NR₈)CHR₆R₇, —C(═NR₈)NR₆R₇, —C(═NR₈)CH₂CHR₆R₇ and —C(═NR₈)CH═CR₆R₇; one of R₂ and R₃ is hydrogen or oxo (═O) and the other is a carboxylic acid, —CH₂CO₂H, —C(═O)-2-glucuronic acid, —C(═O)C(═O)OH, —CH₂OH, —C(═O)NH₂, —CH₂C(═O)NH₂, —CN, —CH₂CN, a carboxylic acid bioisostere or a —CH₂-carboxylic acid bioisostere; R₄ is hydrogen, R₉, —C₁₋₆alkylR₉, —C₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —C₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —OH, —OR₉, —OC₁₋₆ alkylR₉, —OC₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —OC₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —NHC(═O)R₉, —NHC(═O)C₁₋₆alkylR₉, —NHC(═O)C₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —NHC(═O)C₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —NHC(═O)NHR₉, —NHC(═O)NHC₁₋₆alkylR₉, —NHC(═O)NHC₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —NHC(═O)NHC₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —NHC(═O)OR₉, —NHC(═O)OC₁₋₆alkylR₉, —NHC(═O)OC₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —NHC(═O)OC₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —NHSO₂R₉, —NHSO₂C₁₋₆alkylR₉, —NHSO₂C₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —NHSO₂C₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —SO₂NHR₉, —SO₂NHC₁₋₆alkylR₉, —SO₂NHC₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —SO₂NHC₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —C(═O)NHR₉, —C(═O)NHC₁₋₆alkylR₉, —C(═O)NHC₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —C(═O)NHC₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —C(═O)R₉, —C(═O)C₁₋₆alkylR₉, —C(═O)C₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —C(═O)C₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —C(═O)OR₉, —C(═O)OC₁₋₆alkylR₉, —C(═O)OC₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —C(═O)OC₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —C(═O)NHR₉, —C(═O)NHC₁₋₆alkylR₉, —C(═O)NHC₂₋₆alkenylR₉ or —C(═O)NHC₂₋₆alkynylR₉; R₅ is hydrogen, —OH, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C(R₁₀)₃, —OC(R₁₀)₃, aryl, —C₁₋₆alkylaryl or —OC₁₋₆alkylaryl; R₆ and R₇ are independently hydrogen, —C₁₋₆alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, —CH₂aryl, —CH₂cycloalkyl, —CH₂cycloalkenyl, —CH₂heterocyclyl or —CH₂heteroaryl; provided that R₆ and R₇ are not both hydrogen; R₈ is hydrogen, —C₁₋₆alkyl, aryl or —C₁₋₆alkylaryl; R₉ is cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; each R₁₀ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogen; and wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; provided that:

-   -   (iii) R₄ and R₅ are not both hydrogen; and     -   (iv) when R₂ is —CH₂OH, CO₂H or a carboxylic acid bioisostere         and R₄ is hydrogen, phenyl, —Ophenyl, —C₁₋₄alkylphenyl or         —OC₁₋₄alkylphenyl in which the alkyl group is unsubstituted,         biphenyl, —Obiphenyl, naphthyl or —Onaphthyl, R₅ is not         hydrogen, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, naphthyl, biphenyl or         —Oaryl.

In particular embodiments of formula (I), one or more of the following applies:

R¹ is —C(═O)CHR⁶R⁷, —C(═O)NR⁶R⁷, especially —C(═O)CH(aryl)(aryl). —C(═O)CH(aryl)(cycloalkyl), —C(═O)CH(cycloalkyl)(cycloalkyl), —C(═O)CH(aryl)(alkyl), —C(═O)N(aryl)(aryl), —C(═O)N(aryl)(cycloalkyl), —C(═O)N(cycloalkyl)(cycloalkyl) or —C(═O)N(aryl)(alkyl), where each aryl or cycloalkyl group is optionally substituted; more especially —C(═O)CH(phenyl)(phenyl), —C(═O)CH(phenyl)(cyclohexyl), —C(═O)N(phenyl)(phenyl) or —C(═O)N(phenyl)(cyclohexyl), wherein each phenyl or cyclohexyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from —C₁₋₃alkyl, —OC₁₋₃alkyl and halo, especially methyl, methoxy and fluoro; most especially where R¹ is —C(═O)CH(phenyl)(phenyl) and —C(═O)N(phenyl)(phenyl); one of R² and R³ is hydrogen and the other is —CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂H, —C(═O)-2-glucuronic acid, —C(═O)C(═O)OH, —C═O)NHSO₂C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)NHSO₂phenyl, —C(═O)NHSO₂CF₃, —C(═O)NHSO₂N(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂, —C(═O)NHSO₂NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), —C(═O)NHSO₂N(CF₃)₂, —C(═O)NHSO₂NH(CF₃), —SO₃H or —PO₃H₂, especially —CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂H, —C(═O)NHSO₂C₁₋₄alkyl, —C(═O)NHSO₂phenyl, —C(═O)NHSO₂CF₃. —C(═O)NHSO₂N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂ or —C(═O)NHSO₂N(CF₃)₂, more especially —CO₂H; especially where R³ is hydrogen and R² is —CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂H, —C(═O)C(═O)OH, —C(═O)NHSO₂C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)NHSO₂phenyl, —C(═O)NHSO₂CF₃, —C(═O)NHSO₂N(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂, —C(═O)NHSO₂NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), —C(═O)NHSO₂N(CF₃)₂, —C(═O)NHSO₂NH(CF₃), —SO₃H or —PO₃H₂, especially —CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂H, —C(═O)NHSO₂C₁₋₄alkyl, —C(═O)NHSO₂phenyl, —C(═O)NHSO₂CF₃, —C(═O)NHSO₂N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂ or —C(═O)NHSO₂N(CF₃)₂, more especially R₃ is hydrogen and R₂ is —CO₂H; or R³ is hydrogen or oxo and R² is —CH₂CO₂H, —C(═O)C(═O)OH or a carboxylic acid bioisostere, especially —CH₂CO₂H, a sulfonamide or C(═O)-2-glucuronic acid. Particular sulfonamides include —CONHSO₂C₁₋₆alkyl, —CONHSO₂aryl, —CONHSO₂C(R₁₀)₃, —C(═O)NHSO₂N(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂, —C(═O)NHSO₂NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), —C(═O)NHSO₂N(CF₃)₂, —C(═O)NHSO₂NH(CF₃), including —CONHSO₂CH₃, —CONHSO₂CH₂CH₃, —CONHSO₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CONHSO₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CONHSO₂CF₃, —CONHSO₂CHF₂, —CONHSO₂phenyl-C(═O)NHSO₂N(CH₃)₂ and —C(═O)NHSO₂N(CF₃)₂. R₄ is —OH, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylaryl, —OC₁₋₆alkylaryl, —C₂₋₆alkenylaryl, —OC₂₋₆alkenylaryl, —C₂₋₆alkynylaryl, —OC₂₋₆alkynylaryl, —SO₂NHaryl, —SO₂NHC₁₋₆alkylaryl, —SO₂NHC₂₋₆alkenylaryl, —SO₂NHC₂₋₆alkynylaryl, —NHSO₂aryl-NHSO₂C₁₋₆alkylaryl, —NHSO₂C₂₋₆alkenylaryl, —NHSO₂C₂₋₆alkynylaryl, —NHC(═O)NHaryl, —NHC(═O)NHC₁₋₆alkylaryl, —NHC(═O)NHC₂₋₆alkenylaryl, —NHC(═O)NHC₂₋₆alkynylaryl, —NHCO₂aryl, —NHCO₂C₁₋₆alkylaryl, —NHCO₂C₂₋₆alkenylaryl, —NHCO₂C₂₋₆alkynylaryl, each of which may be optionally substituted; especially —OH, phenyl, benzoxazole, 4-phenyloxazole, 1-piperidine, 4-phenyl-1-piperidine, —C₁₋₆alkylphenyl, —OC₁₋₆alkylphenyl, —C₂₋₆alkenylphenyl, —OC₂₋₆alkenylphenyl, —C₂₋₆alkynylphenyl, —OC₂₋₆alkynylphenyl, —SO₂NHphenyl, —SO₂NHC₁₋₆alkylphenyl, —SO₂NHC₂₋₆alkenylphenyl, —SO₂NHC₂₋₆, alkynylphenyl, —NHSO₂phenyl-NHSO₂C₁₋₆alkylphenyl, —NHSO₂C₂₋₆alkenylphenyl, —NHSO₂C₂₋₆alkynylphenyl, —NHC(═O)NHphenyl, —NHC(═O)NHC₁₋₆alkylphenyl, —NHC(═O)NHC₂₋₆alkenylphenyl, —NHC(═O)NHC₂₋₆alkynylphenyl, —NHCO₂phenyl, —NHCO₂C₁₋₆alkylphenyl, —NHCO₂C₂₋₆alkenylphenyl, —NHCO₂C₂₋₆alkynylphenyl; more especially —OH, phenyl, benzoxazole, 4-phenyloxazole, 4-phenyl-1-piperidine, —C₁₋₃alkylphenyl, —OC₁₋₃alkylphenyl, —C₂₋₃alkenylphenyl, —OC₂₋₃alkenylphenyl, —C₂₋₃alkynylphenyl, —OC₂₋₃alkynylphenyl, —SO₂NHphenyl, —SO₂NHC₁₋₃alkylphenyl, —SO₂NHC₂₋₃alkenylphenyl, —SO₂NHC₂₋₃alkynylphenyl, —NHSO₂phenyl-NHSO₂C₁₋₃alkylphenyl, —NHSO₂C₂₋₃alkenylphenyl, —NHSO₂C₂₋₃alkynylphenyl, —NHC(═O)NHphenyl, —NHC(═O)NHC₁₋₃alkylphenyl, —NHC(═O)NHC₂₋₃alkenylphenyl, —NHC(═O)NHC₂₋₃alkynylphenyl, —NHCO₂phenyl, —NHCO₂C₁₋₃alkylphenyl, —NHCO₂C₂₋₃alkenylphenyl or —NHCO₂C₂₋₃alkynylphenyl; R₅ is hydrogen, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl or —OC(R₁₀)₃; especially —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl or OC(R₁₀)₃, more especially —OH, —OC₁₋₃alkyl, —OCF₃ or —OCHF₂; most especially, —OH, —OCH₃, —OCF₃ or —OCHF₂; R⁶ and R⁷ are independently selected from phenyl and cyclohexyl, especially where both R⁶ and R⁷ are phenyl; and R⁸ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or phenyl.

In some embodiments, especially when R² a a carboxylic acid, —CH₂CO₂H, —C(═O)-2-glucuronic acid, —C(═O)C(═O)OH, —CH₂OH, —C(═O)NH₂, —CH₂C(═O)NH₂, —CN, —CH₂CN, a carboxylic acid bioisostere or a —CH₂-carboxylic acid bioisostere; R² has an S stereochemistry.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is not —C₁₋₆alkylaryl or —OC₁₋₆alkylaryl. In some embodiments, R⁵ is not —OC₁₋₆alkyl.

In some embodiments, when R₄ is hydrogen, R₂ is hydrogen and R₃ is a carboxylic acid, —CH₂CO₂H, —C(═O)-2-glucuronic acid, —C(═O)C(═O)OH, —CH₂OH, —C(═O)NH₂, —CH₂C(═O)NH₂, —CN, —CH₂CN, a carboxylic acid bioisostere or a —CH₂-carboxylic acid bioisostere;

Particular compounds of formula (II) are:

Com- pound R¹ R² R³ R⁴ R⁵ 1 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H —OCH₂Ph —OCF₃ 2 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H —CH═CHPh (trans) —OCH₃ 3 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H —CHOHCHOHPh —OCH₃ 4 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H —CH═CHPh (trans) H 5 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H —CHOHCHOHPh H 6 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H —CH═CHPh (trans) —OCF₃ 7 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H —CH₂CH₂Ph —OCF₃ 8 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H —CHOHCHOHPh —OCF₃ 9 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H —OCH₂Ph —CHF₂ 10 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H —OCH₂Ph —OCHF₂ 11 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CONHSO₂CH₃ H —OCH₂Ph —OCH₃ 12 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CH₂CO₂H H —OCH₂Ph —OCH₃ 13 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CONHSO₂CH₃ H —OCH₂Ph —OCF₃ 14 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CH₂CO₂H H —OCH₂Ph —OCF₃ 15 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H —C≡CPh —OCH₃ 16 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H —C≡CPh —OCF₃ 17 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H —C≡CPh —OCHF₂ 18 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CH₂CO₂H H —CHOHCHOHPh —OCF₃ 19 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CONHSO₂CH₃ H —C≡CPh —OCHF₂ 20 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H —SO₂NHPh —OCH₃ 21 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H —NHSO₂Ph —OCH₃ 22 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H —NHCONHPh —OCH₃ 23 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H —NHCO₂Ph —OCH₃ 24 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CONHSO₂CF₃ H —OCH₂Ph —OCH₃ 25 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CONHSO₂C₄H₉ H —OCH₂Ph —OCH₃ 26 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CONHSO₂Ph H —OCH₂Ph —OCH₃ 27 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CONHSO₂CF₃ H —OCH₂Ph —OCF₃ 28 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CONHSO₂C₄H₉ H —OCH₂Ph —OCF₃ 29 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CONHSO₂Ph H —OCH₂Ph —OCF₃ 30 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CONHSO₂CF₃ H —C≡CPh —OCHF₂ 31 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CONHSO₂C₄H₉ H —C≡CPh —OCHF₂ 32 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CONHSO₂Ph H —C≡CPh —OCHF₂ 33 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂

H —OCH₂Ph —OCH₃ 34 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H —OCH₂Ph —OH 35 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H ═O —OCH₂Ph H 36 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H

H 37 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ H —CO₂H H —Ph 38 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ H —CO₂H H —CH₂Ph 39 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H

H 40 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —C(═O)NHSO₂N(CH₃)₂ H —OCH₂Ph —OCH₃ 41 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —C(═O)NHSO₂N(CH₃)₂ H —OH —OCH₃ 42 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —C(═O)NHSO₂N(CH₃)₂ H —C≡CPh —OCH₃ 43 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —C(═O)NHSO₂N(CH₃)₂ H —CH₂CH₂Ph —OCH₃ 44 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —C(═O)NHSO₂N(CH₃)₂ H

—OCH₃ 45 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —C(═O)NHSO₂N(CH₃)₂ H

—OCH₃ 46 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H

—OCH₃ 47 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H

—OCH₃ 48 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —C(═O)NHSO₂N(CH₃)₂ H —OCH₂C≡CPh —OCH₃ 49 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —C(═O)NHSO₂N(CH₃)₂ H —OCH₂C≡C—4-F—Ph —OCH₃ 50 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H —OCH₂C≡CPh —OCH₃ 51 —C(O)CH(phenyl)₂ —CO₂H H —OCH₂C≡C—4-F—Ph —OCH₃

Particular compounds of formula (I) include compounds 33, 34, 40, 41, 48, 49, 50 and 51, especially 33, 34, 40, 48, 49, 50 and 51, more especially 34, 40, 48 and 50.

In some embodiments, the compounds of formula (I) are selective AT₂ receptor antagonists. In particular embodiments, the selective AT₂ receptor antagonists have an IC₅₀ at the AT₂ receptor of ≦100 nM and an IC₅₀ at the AT₁ receptor of >100,000 nM (10 μM) using the assay methodologies described in the Biological Examples.

The compounds of the invention are made by methods known in the art from commercially available starting materials and by methods known in the art. For Example, a suitable 2,3-disubstituted benzaldehyde such as 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde may be functionalized to provide suitable substituents for R₄ and R₅ as shown in Scheme 1:

For example, reaction of the 2-hydroxy group with an arylalkylhalide such as benzylbromide, in the presence of a mild base such as Na₂CO₃ or K₂CO₃ in a polar solvent such as methanol or ethanol or acetone provides the disubstituted benzaldehyde.

The aldehyde is then condensed with hydantoin under mildly acidic conditions and subject to reduction as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,246,943 and shown in Scheme 2:

Another option is the use of the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction where the aldehyde is reacted with a stabilized phosphonate carbanion, followed by asymmetric reduction using a catalyst. Disubstituted phenylalanine derivatives may be prepared by asymmetric synthesis, for example, by the methods of Burk et al., 1993.

The phenylalanine derivative may be cyclized to a tetrahydroisoquinoline using Pictet-Spengler reaction as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,246,943 and shown in Scheme 3:

R¹ may be introduced by amide formation with a suitable carboxylic acid and the ring nitrogen. Amide formation is well known in the art and may involve the activation of the carboxylic acid, for example, the carboxy group is activated by formation of an acid chloride, carbodiimide, triazole or a uronium or phosphonium salt of a non-nucleophilic anion. Suitable activating groups are well known in the art including dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDCl), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt), 1-hydroxy-7-aza-benzotriazole (HOAt), ethyl-2-cyano-2-(hydroxyimino)acetate (Oxyma Pure), O-benzotriazole-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU). O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU), O-(6-chloro-1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluorophosphate (HCTU). O-benzotriazol-1-yl-N,N,N′N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluorborate (TBTU), (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP); (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tris-(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP), (1-cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethylidenaminooxy)-dimethylamino-morpholino-carbenium hexafluorophosphate (COMU) and O-[(ethoxycarbonyl)-cyanomethyleneamino]-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TOTU).

The carboxylic acid of the tetrahydroisoquinoline may require protection during amidation of the tetrahydroisoquinoline nitrogen atom. Suitable protecting groups are known and can be found in Greene & Wutz, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) Edition, John Wiley & Sons.

In some cases, the carboxylic acid used to introduce R₁ may be activated in the form of a cyclic active amide. Use of a cyclic active amide of 2,2-diphenylethanoic acid reduces the need for this temporary protection of the isoquinoline carboxylic acid as the cyclic active amide is more selective for reaction with the isoquinoline nitrogen. The cyclic active amide may be formed by reaction of the 2,2-diphenyl ethanoic acid chloride with a 5 membered nitrogen containing heterocycle. Examples of suitable heterocycles include pyrazole, pyrrole, imidazole, 1,2,3-triazole and 1,2,4-triazole.

The carboxylic acid at R₂ or R₃ may be modified to provide a carboxylic acid bioisostere or other group such as an alcohol, amide or nitrile. Conversion of a carboxylic acid to alcohol by reduction, amide by amidation and nitrile by heating with a halonitrile are methods well known in the art.

The carboxylic acid may also be readily converted to a sulfonamide by reaction with an appropriate sulfonamide or sulfonyl urea. An example is shown in Scheme 4:

where R is the tetrahydroisoqunoline and each R′ is independently a group such as hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl.

Tetrazole carboxylic acid bioisosteres may be prepared by the treatment of a nitrile with an azide in the presence of iodine as shown in scheme 5:

During any synthetic procedure, reactive functional groups may require protecting to avoid unwanted reaction and to ensure reaction at a specified site. Suitable protecting groups are known in the art and may be found in Greene & Wutz, ibid.

METHODS OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of treating or preventing the symptoms of a neuropathic condition in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The compounds of formula (I) are effective in the prevention or attenuation of the symptoms of neuropathic conditions including primary and secondary neuropathic conditions. In accordance with the present invention, the compounds of formula (I) can act to treat, prevent or attenuate one or more symptoms associated with neuropathic conditions including, but not limited to, neuropathic pain, hyperesthesia, hyperalgesia, allodynia and/or spontaneous burning pain. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is used to prevent or attenuate one or more symptoms associated with peripheral neuropathic conditions, illustrative examples of which include numbness, weakness, burning pain, shooting pain, and loss of reflexes. The pain may be severe and disabling. In some embodiments, the symptom, which is the subject of the prevention and/or attenuation, is neuropathic pain. Accordingly, in a related aspect, the invention provides methods for preventing and/or attenuating neuropathic pain in an individual, comprising administering to the individual a pain-preventing or -attenuating effective amount of an AT₂ receptor antagonist, which is suitably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.

There are many possible causes of neuropathy and neuropathic pain and it will be understood that the present invention contemplates the treatment or prevention of symptoms of any neuropathic condition regardless of the cause. In some embodiments, the neuropathic conditions are a result of diseases of the nerves (primary neuropathy) and neuropathy that is caused by systemic disease (secondary neuropathy) such as but not limited to: diabetic neuropathy; Herpes Zoster (shingles)-related neuropathy; uremia-associated neuropathy; amyloidosis neuropathy; HIV sensory neuropathies; hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies (HMSN); hereditary sensory neuropathies (HSNs); hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies; hereditary neuropathies with ulcero-mutilation; nitrofurantoin neuropathy; tomaculous neuropathy; neuropathy caused by nutritional deficiency, neuropathy caused by kidney failure and complex regional pain syndrome. Other causes include repetitive activities such as typing or working on an assembly line, medications known to cause peripheral neuropathy such as several antiretroviral drugs (ddC (zalcitabine) and ddI (didanosine), antibiotics (metronidazole, an antibiotic used for Crohn's disease, isoniazid used for tuberculosis), gold compounds (used for rheumatoid arthritis), some chemotherapy drugs (such as vincristine and others) and many others. Chemical compounds are also known to cause peripheral neuropathy including alcohol, lead, arsenic, mercury and organophosphate pesticides. Some peripheral neuropathies are associated with infectious processes (such as Guillian-Barre syndrome). In certain embodiments, the neuropathic condition is a peripheral neuropathic condition, which is suitably pain secondary to mechanical nerve injury or painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) or related condition.

The neuropathic condition may be acute or chronic and, in this connection, it will be understood by persons of skill in the art that the time course of a neuropathy will vary, based on its underlying cause. With trauma, the onset of symptoms may be acute, or sudden; however, the most severe symptoms may develop over time and persist for years. Inflammatory and some metabolic neuropathies have a subacute course extending over days to weeks. A chronic course over weeks to months usually indicates a toxic or metabolic neuropathy. A chronic, slowly progressive neuropathy over many years such as occurs with painful diabetic neuropathy or with most hereditary neuropathies or with a condition termed chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). Neuropathic conditions with symptoms that relapse and remit include the Guillian-Barré syndrome.

In another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of treating or preventing a condition characterized by neuronal hypersensitivity in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the condition characterized by neuronal hypersensitivity is a hyperalgesic condition such as fibromyalgia. In other embodiments, the condition is irritable bowel syndrome which is characterized by neuronal hypersensitivity in the gut.

In another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of treating or preventing a disorder associated with aberrant nerve regeneration comprising administering a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disorder associated with aberrant nerve regeneration also includes neuronal hypersensitivity. Examples of disorders associated with aberrant nerve regeneration are breast pain, interstitial cystitis and vulvodynia. In other embodiments, the disorder is a cancer chemotherapy-induced neuropathy.

In another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of treating or preventing inflammatory pain in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Pain related to inflammation may be acute or chronic and can be due to a number of conditions that are characterized by inflammation including, without limitation, burns such as chemical, frictional or chemical burns, autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease and colitis, and other inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, carditis, dermatitis, myositis, neuritis and collagen vascular diseases.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing impaired nerve conduction velocity in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Impaired nerve conduction velocity is a symptom of nerve dysfunction or damage and may be present as a symptom of a large number of diseases or disorders, particularly diseases or disorders that exhibit paresthesia as a symptom. In some embodiments, the impaired nerve conduction velocity is associated with a neuropathic condition as described above. In other embodiments, the impaired nerve conduction velocity is associated with Carpel Tunnel Syndrome, ulnar neuropathy. Guillian-Barré Syndrome, fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy and spinal disc herneation. In some embodiments, the symptoms of impaired nerve conduction velocity are non-painful symptoms.

Nerve conduction velocity is assessed by evaluating the electrical conduction of motor and sensory nerves in the body. Motor nerve conduction velocity is measured by stimulation of a peripheral nerve and measuring the time taken for the electrical impulse to be detected in the muscle associated with the nerve. The time taken is measured in milliseconds and is converted to a velocity (m/s) by taking into account the distance travelled. Sensory nerve conduction is assessed in a similar manner with stimulation of a peripheral nerve and recording at a sensory site such as a finger or paw pad.

In yet a further aspect of the invention there is provided a method of producing analgesia in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the subject is a subject having a neuropathic condition, an inflammatory condition, impaired nerve conduction velocity, a condition characterized by neuronal hypersensitivity or a disorder associated with aberrant nerve regeneration. In other embodiments, the subject is a subject at risk of developing neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, pain related to impaired nerve conduction velocity, a condition characterized by neuronal hypersensitivity or a disorder associated with aberrant nerve regeneration.

In still another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of treating or preventing a cell proliferative disorder in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the cell proliferative disorder is a cancer, especially where the cancer is selected from leukaemia, melanoma, prostate cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, sarquoides, fibrosarcoma, colon cancer, lung cancer and other solid tumour cancers.

In other embodiments, the cell proliferative disorder is a non-cancerous proliferative disorder. Examples of such non-cancerous proliferative disorders include dermatological disorders such as warts, keloids, psoriasis, proud flesh disorder and also the reduction in scar tissue and cosmetic remodelling.

In a further aspect the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing a disorder associated with an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disorder associated with an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation is osteoporosis.

The subjects, individuals or patients to be treated are mammalian subjects including but not limited to humans, primates, livestock animals such as sheep, cattle, pigs, horses, donkeys and goats; laboratory test animals such as mice, rats, rabbits and guinea pigs; companion animals such as cats and dogs or captive wild animals such as those kept in zoos. In a particular embodiment, the subject is a human.

An “effective amount” means an amount necessary at least partly to attain the desired response, or to delay the onset or inhibit progression or halt altogether, the onset or progression of a particular condition being treated. The amount varies depending upon the health and physical condition of the individual to be treated, the taxonomic group of individual to be treated, the degree of protection desired, the formulation of the composition, the assessment of the medical situation, and other relevant factors. It is expected that the amount will fall in a relatively broad range that can be determined through routine trials. An effective amount in relation to a human patient, for example, may lie in the range of about 0.1 ng per kg of body weight to 1 g per kg of body weight per dosage. The dosage is preferably in the range of 1 μg to 1 g per kg of body weight per dosage, such as is in the range of 1 mg to 1 g per kg of body weight per dosage. In one embodiment, the dosage is in the range of 1 mg to 500 mg per kg of body weight per dosage. In another embodiment, the dosage is in the range of 1 mg to 250 mg per kg of body weight per dosage. In yet another embodiment, the dosage is in the range of 1 mg to 100 mg per kg of body weight per dosage, such as up to 50 mg per kg of body weight per dosage. In yet another embodiment, the dosage is in the range of 1 μg to 1 mg per kg of body weight per dosage. Dosage regimes may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response. For example, several divided doses may be administered daily, weekly, monthly or other suitable time intervals, or the dose may be proportionally reduced as indicated by the exigencies of the situation.

Reference herein to “treatment” and “prevention” is to be considered in its broadest context. The term “treatment” does not necessarily imply that a subject is treated until total recovery. “Treatment” may also reduce the severity of an existing condition. The term “prevention” does not necessarily mean that the subject will not eventually contract a disease condition. The term “prevention” may be considered to include delaying the onset of a particular condition. Accordingly, treatment and prevention include amelioration of the symptoms of a particular condition or preventing or otherwise reducing the risk of developing a particular condition.

In some embodiments, the compounds of formula (I) or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may be administered together with another therapy. Administration may be in a single composition or in separate compositions simultaneously or sequentially such that both compounds or therapies are active at the same time in the body.

In some embodiments, the compounds of formula (I) or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts are administered together with another therapy to treat neuropathic or inflammatory pain or the underlying condition that is causing the neuropathic or inflammatory pain or another therapy to treat conditions characterized by neuronal hypersensitivity, disorders associated with aberrant nerve regeneration, proliferative disorders or disorders associated with an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. In some embodiments, the amount of the second drug may be reduced when administration is together with a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Suitable additional drugs to treat pain include opiates such as morphine, codeine, dihydrocodeine, hydrocodone, acetyldihydrocodeine, oxycodone, oxymorphone and buprenorphine, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, acetaminophen, diflunisal, salsalate, phenacetin, fenoprofen, ketoprofen, flurbiprofen, oxaprozin, loxoprofen, indomethacin, sulindac, etodolac, ketorolac, diclofenac, nabumetone, mefenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, flufenamic acid, tolfenamic acid, celecoxib, parecoxib, lumaricoxib, etoricoxib, firocoxib, rimesulide and licofelone.

Examples of drugs to treat neuropathies include duloxetine, pregabalin, gabapentin, phenytoin, carbamazebine, levocarnitine, tricyclic antidepressants such as amitryptiline and sodium channel blockers such as lidocaine.

Examples of chemotherapy drugs for proliferative disorders include cisplatin, carboplatin, camptothecin, carmustine, cyclophosphamide, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, dexamethasone, docetaxel, doxorubicin, etoposide, epirubicin, everolimus, gemcitibine, goserelin, trastuzumab (Herceptin®), idarubicin, interferon-alfa, irinotecan, methotrexate, mitomycin, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, raloxifene, streptozocin, tamoxifen, topotecan, vinblastine, vincristine, abiraterone, fluorouracil, denosumab, imatinib, geftinib, lapatinib, pazopanib, rituximab, sunitinib, erlotinib and vorinistat.

Examples of drugs to treat disorders associated with an imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption include bisphosphonates such as sodium alendronate, risedronate and ibandronate, raloxifene, calcitonin, teriparatide, strontium ranelate or calcium supplements.

Examples of drugs used to treat conditions characterized by neuronal hypersensitivity, such as irritable bowel syndrome, include 5HT₃ receptor antagonists such as alosetron (Lotronex®).

The AT₂ receptor antagonists of the invention are also useful in combination with radiotherapy in cancer patients.

COMPOSITIONS OF THE INVENTION

While it is possible that, for use in therapy, a compound of the invention may be administered as a neat chemical, it is preferable to present the active ingredient as a pharmaceutical composition.

Thus, in a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The carrier(s) must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the composition and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.

Pharmaceutical formulations include those suitable for oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sub-lingual), vaginal or parenteral (including intramuscular, sub-cutaneous and intravenous) administration or in a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation. The compounds of the invention, together with a conventional adjuvant, carrier, excipient, or diluent, may thus be placed into the form of pharmaceutical compositions and unit dosages thereof, and in such form may be employed as solids, such as tablets or filled capsules, or liquids such as solutions, suspensions, emulsions, elixirs, or capsules filled with the same, all for oral use, in the form of suppositories for rectal administration; or in the form of sterile injectable solutions for parenteral (including subcutaneous) use. Such pharmaceutical compositions and unit dosage forms thereof may comprise conventional ingredients in conventional proportions, with or without additional active compounds or principles, and such unit dosage forms may contain any suitable effective amount of the active ingredient commensurate with the intended daily dosage range to be employed. Formulations containing ten (10) milligrams of active ingredient or, more broadly, 0.1 to two hundred (200) milligrams, per tablet, are accordingly suitable representative unit dosage forms. The compounds of the present invention can be administered in a wide variety of oral and parenteral dosage forms. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the following dosage forms may comprise, as the active component, either a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative of the compound of the invention.

For preparing pharmaceutical compositions from the compounds of the present invention, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be either solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories, and dispersible granules. A solid carrier can be one or more substances which may also act as diluents, flavouring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material.

In powders, the carrier is a finely divided solid which is in a mixture with the finely divided active component.

In tablets, the active component is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding capacity in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.

The powders and tablets preferably contain from five or ten to about seventy percent of the active compound. Suitable carriers are magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcelluose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, a low melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like. The term “preparation” is intended to include the formulation of the active compound with encapsulating material as carrier providing a capsule in which the active component, with or without carriers, is surrounded by a carrier, which is thus in association with it. Similarly, cachets and lozenges are included. Tablets, powders, capsules, pills, cachets, and lozenges can be used as solid forms suitable for oral administration.

For preparing suppositories, a low melting wax, such as admixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter, is first melted and the active component is dispersed homogeneously therein, as by stirring. The molten homogenous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool, and thereby to solidify.

Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or sprays containing in addition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.

Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions, for example, water or water-propylene glycol solutions. For example, parenteral injection liquid preparations can be formulated as solutions in aqueous polyethylene glycol solution.

The compounds according to the present invention may thus be formulated for parenteral administration (e.g. by injection, for example bolus injection or continuous infusion) and may be presented in unit dose form in ampoules, pre-filled syringes, small volume infusion or in multi-dose containers with an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form, obtained by aseptic isolation of sterile solid or by lyophilization from solution, for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g. sterile, pyrogen-free water, before use.

Aqueous solutions suitable for oral use can be prepared by dissolving the active component in water and adding suitable colorants, flavours, stabilizing and thickening agents, as desired.

Aqueous suspensions suitable for oral use can be made by dispersing the finely divided active component in water with viscous material, such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, or other well known suspending agents.

Also included are solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for oral administration. Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. These preparations may contain, in addition to the active component, colorants, flavours, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like.

For topical administration to the epidermis the compounds according to the invention may be formulated as ointments, creams or lotions, or as a transdermal patch. Ointments and creams may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous or oily base with the addition of suitable thickening and/or gelling agents. Lotions may be formulated with an aqueous or oily base and will in general also contain one or more emulsifying agents, stabilizing agents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, or colouring agents.

Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising active agent in a flavoured base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.

Solutions or suspensions are applied directly to the nasal cavity by conventional means, for example with a dropper, pipette or spray. The formulations may be provided in single or multidose form. In the latter case of a dropper or pipette, this may be achieved by the patient administering an appropriate, predetermined volume of the solution or suspension. In the case of a spray, this may be achieved for example by means of a metering atomizing spray pump. To improve nasal delivery and retention the compounds according to the invention may be encapsulated with cyclodextrins, or formulated with their agents expected to enhance delivery and retention in the nasal mucosa.

Administration to the respiratory tract may also be achieved by means of an aerosol formulation in which the active ingredient is provided in a pressurised pack with a suitable propellant such as a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) for example, dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, or dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide, or other suitable gas. The aerosol may conveniently also contain a surfactant such as lecithin. The dose of drug may be controlled by provision of a metered valve.

Alternatively the active ingredients may be provided in the form of a dry powder, for example a powder mix of the compound in a suitable powder base such as lactose, starch, starch derivatives such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).

Conveniently the powder carrier will form a gel in the nasal cavity. The powder composition may be presented in unit dose form for example in capsules or cartridges of, e.g., gelatin, or blister packs from which the powder may be administered by means of an inhaler.

In formulations intended for administration to the respiratory tract, including intranasal formulations, the compound will generally have a small particle size for example of the order of 1 to 10 microns or less. Such a particle size may be obtained by means known in the art, for example by micronization.

When desired, formulations adapted to give sustained release of the active ingredient may be employed.

The pharmaceutical preparations are preferably in unit dosage forms. In such form, the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component. The unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities of preparation, such as packeted tablets, capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules. Also, the unit dosage form can be a capsule, tablet, cachet, or lozenge itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any of these in packaged form.

The compositions of the invention may comprise further active ingredients such as therapies for treating neuropathic or inflammatory pain or the underlying condition causing the neuropathic or inflammatory pain or therapies for treating impaired nerve conduction velocity, conditions characterized by neuronal hypersensitivity, disorders associated with aberrant nerve regeneration, proliferation disorders or disorder associated with an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation.

The invention will now be described with reference to the following Examples which illustrate some preferred aspects of the present invention. However, it is to be understood that the particularity of the following description of the invention is not to supersede the generality of the preceding description of the invention.

EXAMPLES Abbreviations

DCM dichloromethane DBU 1,8-diazabicyclo[5,4-0]undec-7-ene RT room temperature PE petroleum ether EA or EtOAc ethyl acetate THF tetrahydrofuran LiOH lithium hydroxide MeOH methanol DMAP 4-dimethylaminopyridine TBTU O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate Bn benzyl Bz benzoyl TLC thin layer chromatography DCC N,N′-dicylohexylcarbodiimide DMF dimethylformamide EDTA ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid PBS phosphate buffered saline EtOH ethanol Boc t-butyloxycarbonyl DMSO dimethylsulfoxide

General Methods Used in the Synthesis Examples LC-MS (Agilent):

-   -   1. LC: Agilent Technologies 1200 series, Binary Pump. Diode         Array Detector. Ultimate AQ-C18, 3 μm, 2.1×50 mm column. Mobile         phase: B (MeOH) and A (0.07% HCOOH aqueous solution). Flow Rate:         0.4 ml/min at 25° C. Detector: 214 nm, 254 nm. Gradient stop         time, 5 min. Timetable:

T (min) B(%) A(%) 0 10 90 0.2 10 90 1.2 95 5 2.8 95 5 3 10 90 5 10 90

-   -   2. MS: G6110A, Quadrupole LC/MS, Ion Source: ES-API, TIC: 50˜900         m/z, Fragmentor: 60, Drying gas flow: 10 L/min, Nebulizer         pressure: 35 psi, Drying gas temperature: 350° C. Vcap: 3500V.     -   3. Sample preparation: samples were dissolved in methanol at         1˜10 μg/mL, then filtered through a 0.22 μm filter membrane.         Injection volume: 1˜10 μL.         LC-MS (Agilent, P-2) (Positive Ion mode) or LC-MS (Agilent, N-2)         (Negative Ion Mode):     -   1. LC: Agilent Technologies 1200 series, Binary Pump, Diode         Array Detector. Xbridge-C18, 2.5 μm, 2.1×30 mm column. Mobile         phase: B (MeOH) and A (0.07% HCOOH aqueous solution). Flow Rate:         0.5 mL/min at 30° C. Detector 214 nm, 254 nm. Gradient stop         time, 5 min. Timetable:

T (min) B(%) A(%) 0 80 20 0.2 80 20 0.8 5 95 2.8 5 95 3 80 20 5 80 20

-   -   2. MS: G6110A, Quadrupole LC/MS, Ion Source: ES-API, TIC: 50˜900         m/z. Fragmentor: 60, Drying gas flow: 10 L/min, Nebulizer         pressure: 35 psi, Drying gas temperature: 350° C., Vcap: 3500V.     -   1. Sample preparation: samples were dissolved in methanol at         1˜10 μg/mL, then filtered through a 0.22 μm filter membrane.         Injection volume: 1˜10 μL.

Analytical HPLC:

-   -   1. (Referred to as “Aligent”) Agilent Technologies 1200 series,         Quaternary Pump, Diode Array Detector. Ultimate AQ-C18, 5 μm,         4.6×250 mm column. Mobile Phase: B (MeOH) and A (0.07% TFA         aqueous solution). Flow Rate: 1.00 mL/min at 30° C. Detector 214         nm, 254 nm. Gradient stop time: 20 min. Timetable:

T (min) B(%) A(%) 0 40 60 3 40 60 5 60 40 7 80 20 8 95 5 15 95 5 17 40 60 20 40 60

-   -   2. Sample preparation: samples were dissolved in methanol at ˜1         mg/mL, then filtered through a 0.22 μm filter membrane.         Injection volume: 1˜10 μL.

Referred to as “JULY-L”

-   -   1. Agilent Technologies 1200 series, Quaternary Pump, Diode         Array Detector. Waters Nova-pak C18, 4 μm, 3.9×150 mm column.         Mobile Phase: C (MeOH) and D (0.07% TFA aqueous solution). Flow         Rate: 1.00 mL/min at 30° C. Detector: 214 nm, 254 nm. Gradient         stop time: 15 min. Timetables:

Method Name: JULY-L (Average an Low Polarity)

T (min) C(%) D(%) 0 20 80 2 20 80 4 40 60 5 70 30 6 95 5 10 95 5 11 70 20 12 20 80 15 20 80

-   -   2. Sample preparation: samples were dissolved in methanol at ˜1         mg/mL, then filtered through a 0.22 μm filter membrane.         Injection volume: 1˜10 μL.

Example 1 Preparation of Compound 33 1. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 33b

To a solution of compound 33a (39.95 kg, 262 Mol) and potassium carbonate (39.9 kg, 288 Mol) in 300 kg acetone, benzyl bromide (47.2 kg, 276 Mol) was added at a temperature between 10 and 15° C. The mixture was heated to reflux at 60° C. during 1.5-2.5 hours and the conversion was monitored by TLC. After consumption of compound 33a, water (53 L) and toluene (115 kg) were added to the mixture. The organic phase was washed two times with brine (2×59 L) and evaporated under reduced pressure. Isopropyl ether (232 kg) was added to the residual solid at 40° C. and when dissolution was complete, 427 kg hexane was added and the solution was cooled to 2° C. The solid was filtered off, washed with hexane and dried at 35° C. for 56 hours to give 35.7 kg of compound 33b. Re-extraction of the mother liquor gave another 7.75 kg of compound 33b which was analytically identical to the initial extraction. The combined yield of 43.45 kg (68.3%) was obtained.

2. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 33d

To a stirred solution of phosphonate 33c (61.3 kg, 206 Mol) and tetramethylguanidine (24.8 kg, 215 Mol) in 100 kg of THF, a solution of compound 33b (43.45 kg, 179 Mol) in 100 kg of THF was added at a temperature between 0 to 5° C. over a period of 100 minutes. After the complete addition of reactants. TLC showed complete consumption of compound 33b. The THF was removed under reduced pressure and ethyl acetate (129 kg) was added to the remaining oily mixture. The ethyl acetate phase was washed with 10% citric acid (143 L) and with 10% brine (4×39 L). The purification was performed using silica column chromatography with 140 kg silica. The product was eluted with ethyl acetate:hexane (1:4 w/w). The solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure to yield about 70 kg (94.4%) of compound 33d. TLC showed a purity of >99%.

3. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 33e

A 250 L pressure vessel was charged with a solution containing 150 kg of toluene and about 15 kg (36.2 Mol) of compound 33d. The solution was degassed with nitrogen 3 times at 5 bar, and was cooled to 15° C. During this time a catalyst solution was prepared by combining the BoPhoz ligand (150 g, 245 mmol, 1.07 eq) and bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium (I) tetrafluoroborate (92.6 g, 228 mmol, 1.00 equiv.) in 5.0 L of THF under a constant flow of nitrogen. After complete formation of the complex, a deep red solution was obtained, the preformed catalyst was added to the solution of compound 33d.

The 250 L vessel was then pressurized twice with nitrogen and 3 times with hydrogen and the temperature of the vessel was maintained at 15° C. The reaction was followed by controlling the hydrogen uptake using a mass flow meter. The reaction was stirred under hydrogen pressure of 2 bar for a total of 12 h. Chiral HPLC analysis of the reaction mixture indicated >99.9% conversion to compound 33e with over 99.5% ee.

The solution was treated with charcoal (0.76 kg) and filtered through silica (10 kg). The solvent was distilled off under pressure and the resulting oil was dissolved with isopropyl ether (234 kg) and filtered through 1.2 μm filter to remove any traces of BoPhoz/BoPhoz-oxide. The solution was evaporated under reduced pressure to give compound 33e.

4. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 33f

To a solution of lithium hydroxide (12.2 kg, 290 Mol) in 314 L water was added a solution of compound 33e (60.3 kg, 145 Mol) in THF (200 L) at 17° C. The reaction was stirred for one hour and TLC analysis indication >99% conversion to compound 33f. After neutralization with citric acid to a pH of 5, the THF was evaporated under reduced pressure at 33° C., and the mixture was dissolved with ethyl acetate (272 kg), washed with a 10% citric acid solution (160 L), and a 10% brine solution (4×, total 118 L) to reach a pH of 5. The ethyl acetate phase was evaporated under reduced pressure to a final volume of 100 L, 215 kg ethyl acetate was added and distilled off again to reduce water content to about 0.04%. TLC showed compound 33f was obtained in over 99% purity.

5. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 33g

A solution of compound 33f (55.3 kg) in 320 L ethyl acetate was combined with 3.9 M HCl in ethyl acetate (241 kg) at 10° C. After 2 hours TLC analysis showed >99% conversion to compound 33g. Isopropyl ether (160 kg) was added and after stirring for one hour at 10° C. the reaction mixture was filtered and washed with isopropyl ether (2×46 L). A wet solid (123 kg) was obtained and dried in a vacuum cone-dryer with nitrogen purge at 35° C. for about 60 hours. Compound 33g (50.45 kg, 83.3%) was obtained as a white powder.

6. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 33h

To a stirred solution of compound 33g (60.0 g, 195 mmol) in 990 mL water, was added a solution of Na₂CO₃ (10.7 g, 101 mmol) in 60 mL water to reach a pH of 5. The white suspension was diluted with 300 mL of water, the mixture was filtered and the white solid washed with 200 mL water. The wet product was suspended in 540 mL water, with phosphoric acid (85%, 21 mL) and aqueous formaldehyde (37%, 22 mL). The white reaction mixture was heated to 60° C. At 50° C., the mixture became homogeneous and after a further 30 minutes at 60° C., a while precipitate formed. The suspension was heated for 12 hours and the reaction monitored by TLC. After complete conversion, the suspension was cooled to 22° C. and a solution of sodium acetate (24.5 g) in water (74 mL) was added to reach a pH of 3. After filtration and washing with water (3×150 mL) and with acetone (100 mL), the white solid was dried at 30° C. under reduced pressure to give compound 33h as a white homogeneous powder (43.4 g, 71%).

7. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 33i

Pyrazole Active Ester Formation

-   -   A glass or stainless steel jacketed vessel was placed under an         inert atmosphere. To the vessel were charged pyrazole (1.1eq).         N-methylmorpholine (NMM) (1.3eq) and ethyl acetate. An ethyl         acetate solution of diphenylacetyl chloride (1.0eq) was added         gradually. Cooling of the reaction vessel was applied so as to         maintain an internal temperature below +30° C. Following         complete addition the contents were stirred for a minimum of 20         minutes. The reaction mixture was washed with water, 1M         sulphuric acid (2×), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2×),         water and brine. The ethyl acetate phase was concentrated and         the residue was stripped with heptane.     -   The residue was heated to 70° C. in heptane so as to dissolve         all solids. The resulting solution was cooled and held at         15±5° C. for 1 h with concomitant crystallization. The crystals         were filtered and dried for a minimum of 16 h. Yield: 80-90%         from diphenylacetyl chloride.     -   Isoquinoline Acylation     -   A glass lined or stainless steel vessel was placed under an         inert atmosphere. To the vessel was charged DMF,         tetramethylguanidine (1.03eq) and compound 33h (1.0eq). The         mixture was stirred for approximately 1 h to allow dissolution         to occur (only partial dissolution was expected at this stage).         To the reaction mixture was charged pyrazole active ester         (1.2eq). The reaction mixture was stirred for a minimum of 16 h.         An IPC (HPLC) was performed to verify the extent of reaction.         Dimethylethylenediamine (0.3eq) was charged to the reaction         mixture and stirring continued for a further 2 h.

The reaction mixture was diluted with toluene and washed with 1M sulfuric acid (2×) and water (2×). The organic phase was reduced in volume through evaporation of solvent. Sodium ethoxide (1.0eq) was charged to the reaction mixture. The remaining solvent was evaporated from the reaction mixture. The residue was evaporated from ethyl acetate.

The crude product was agitated in ethyl acetate and the mixture transferred to a stirred vessel. Iso-propanol was charged to the ethyl acetate solution in a controlled addition causing crystallization to occur. The mixture was stirred for a minimum of 1 h. The crystals were filtered and washed with a small volume of iso-propanol. The crystals were dried under vacuum for a minimum of 16 h giving Compound 33i.

8. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 33j

A solution of D-glucuronic acid (2.0 g, 10.3 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was treated with DBU (1.69 mL, 11.33 mmol) and then allyl bromide (1.07 mL, 12.4 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 hours. The solvent was evaporated and the residue diluted with acetone (40 mL), causing an oily residue to deposit. The supernatant was applied to a silica column and eluted with 25% toluene in acetone giving an oil. The oil was crystallized from acetone/toluene and the resulting white crystals dried to give 1.026 g (43%) of compound 33j.

9. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 33k

Compound 33i (1.71 g, 3.02 mmol, 90% purity as estimated by ¹H NMR) and glucuronic acid allyl ester compound 33j (1.026 g, 3.02 mmol, 69% purity as estimated by ¹H NMR) were evaporated from acetonitrile (2×30 mL) to remove residual water present. The residue was dissolved in acetonitrile (30 mL) and treated with NMM (0.67 mL), 6.05 mmol) and then TBTU (971 mg, 3.02 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was treated with approximately 3 g of Amberjet™ strongly acidic resin. The resin was filtered off and the filtrates evaporated. The residue was purified by flash silica chromatography, eluting with 3% increasing to 5% ethanol in dichloromethane. Evaporation of the product containing fractions gave 1.671 g (76%) orange oil. HPLC analysis indicated the desired diasteromeric product mixture compound 33k in good purity.

10. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 33

Compound 33k (1.661 g, 2.30 mmol) and N,N′dimethylbarbitutic acid (358 mg, 2.30 mmol) were dissolved in THF (20 mL) and degassed. Palladium tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) (27 mg, 0.023 mmol) was added and the mixture stirred at ambient temperature under argon. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was evaporated on to silica (8 g) and the residue purified by flash silica chromatography, eluting with first 5% ethanol in dichloromethane and them 20:79:1 [ethanol:DCM:acetic acid] to elute the product. Evaporation of solvent gave an orange oil which crystallized on standing, the material was stirred in 1:1 methanol:water (30 mL) for 1 hour. The resulting mixture was filtered and the solid dried to give 42 mg compound 33 as a white powder.

Example 2 Preparation of Compound 34 2. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 34b

Dihydroxybenzaldehyde, compound 34a (1 g, 7.24 mmol) was stirred in THF (15 mL) and NaH added (290 mg, 7.24 mmol) forming a thick yellow precipitate. After 20 minutes the mixture was cooled to 0° C. and benzyl bromide (0.87 mL, 7.23 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature; a thick yellow slurry remained. The mixture was diluted with DMF (10 mL). After stirring for 16 hours, TLC suggested only partial reaction.

The solvent was evaporated and the residue dissolved in DMF (10 mL) and treated with further benzyl bromide (0.87 mL, 7.24 mmol). Within 10 minutes, the solution had begun to decolorise and become homogenous. After 4 hours the solution was diluted with toluene and washed with water (3×), dried (MgSO₄) and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash silica chromatography, eluting with 8:1 then 6:1 EA:PE (60/80). The product containing fractions were evaporated to give compound 34b (1.031 g, 62%) as a white solid.

2. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 34d

To a stirred solution of phosphonate 34c (1.611 g, 5.42 mmol) and aldehyde 34b (1.031 g, 4.52 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added tetramethylguanidine (1.25 mL, 9.94 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and the THF evaporated. The residue was acidified using 1M aqueous hydrochloric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic extract was dried (MgSO₄) and evaporated to give a brown oil. The residue was purified by flash silica chromatography, eluting with 4:1 then 3:1 PE (60/80):EA affording compound 34d as a white solid (1.59 g, 88%).

3. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 34e

A solution of compound 34d (1.59 g, 3.97 mmol) and rhodium[(S,S)-diEtDuPhos][COD]OTf (57 mg, 0.079 mmol) in methanol (90 mL) was degassed. The resulting solution was stirred under a balloon pressure of hydrogen for 2 hours. ¹H NMR analysis of the reaction mixture indicated no reaction had occurred.

The reaction mixture was charged to a high pressure reaction vessel and degassed. Further catalyst (57 mg, 0.079 mmol) was added and the solution degassed and stirred under 5 bar hydrogen pressure for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was evaporated and the residue purified by flash chromatography, eluting with 25% EA in PE (60/80), giving compound 34e as a colourless oil (1.46 g, 91%).

4. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 34f

Compound 34e (1.46 g, 3.63 mmol) was stirred in THF (15 mL) and lithium hydroxide monohydrate (380 mg, 9.07 mmol) was added in a single portion. Stirring was continued for 1 hour. Further lithium hydroxide monohydrate (76 mg, 1.81 mmol) was added and stirring continued for 30 minutes. The mixture was acidified with 1M aqueous hydrochloric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×), dried with MgSO₄ and evaporated to give compound 34f as a colourless oil (1.44 g, 102%).

5. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 34g

Compound 34f (0.73 g, 1.88 mmol) was stirred in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) and treated with hydrogen chloride gas (approximately 0.04 mol). The resulting solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour. Additional hydrogen chloride gas (approximately 0.04 mol) was bubbled through the solution. The residue was dried under high vacuum to give compound 34g as a colourless oil (608 mg, 100%).

6. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 34h

To a solution of compound 34g (608 mg, 1.88 mmol) in 1M aqueous hydrochloric acid (10 mL) was added aqueous formaldehyde (0.84 mL, 11.3 mmol, 37% w/w). The resulting solution was heated at 60° C. for 1 hour and treated with a solution of sodium acetate (1.23 g, 15 mmol) in water (5 mL). The mixture was held at 4° C. for 2 hours, causing formation of a white solid. The solid was filtered and dried by co-evaporation with ethanol to give compound 34h as a white solid (330 mg, 59%).

7. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 34

A suspension of compound 34h (313 mg, 1.05 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) at 0° C. was treated with pyridine (0.59 mL, 7.32 mmol) and chlorotrimethyl silane (0.66 g, 5.23 mmol). After 5 minutes acid chloride 34i (224 mg, 0.97 mmol) was added in a single portion. The reaction mixture was warmed to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate and extracted with 1M aqueous hydrochloric acid (2×), dried (MgSO₄) and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash silica chromatography, eluting with 50% EA in PE (+1% acetic acid) affording a colourless oil. ¹H NMR and MS analysis indicated that the 6-phenol had not been fully desilylated.

The oil was dissolved in THE (10 mL) and treated with tetrabutylammonium fluoride (0.84 mL, 1.0 M in THF). After 2 hours the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with 1M aqueous hydrochloric acid, dried (MgSO₄) and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash silica chromatography, eluting with 2:1 then 1:1 PE (60/80):EA (+0.5% acetic acid). The product containing fractions were evaporated to give a colourless oil. The oil was evaporated from EA (3×) and dried to give compound 34 as a yellow foam (4.14 mg, 80%).

Example 3 Preparation of Compound 40

To a solution of compound 33h (2.50 g, 4.83 mmol) in DCM (30 mL) was added N,N-dimethyl methanesulfonamide (0.60 g, 4.83 mmol), DCC (1.20 g, 5.80 mmol) and DMAP (0.17 g, 1.45 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at RT overnight. TLC (DCM:MeOH=20:1) showed that most of the starting material was consumed. The mixture was washed with a saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (30 mL), brine (30 mL×2), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography (PE:EA=1:0 to 3:1) to give compound 40 (1.68 g, 55%) as a white solid. LC-MS (Agilent, SYN-LCMS-P-2): R_(t) 3.16 min; m/z calculated for C₃₄H₃₅N₃O₆S [M+H]⁺614.2. found [M+H]⁺ 614.3. HPLC (JULY-L) (214 and 254 nm): R_(t) 9.22 min.

Example 4 Preparation of Compound 41

A mixture of compound 40 (1.50 g, 2.44 mmol) and 10% Pd(OH)₂/C (100 mg) in MeOH (30 mL) was stirred at RT under a H₂ atmosphere (1 atm) overnight. TLC (PE:EA=1:2) showed that the starting material was consumed. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was re-crystallized from PE/EA to give compound 41 (121 g, 95%) as a white solid. LC-MS (Agilent, SYN-LCMS-P-2): R_(t) 3.00 min; m/z calculated for C₂₇H₂₉N₃O₆S [M+H]⁺ 524.2, [M+Na]⁺ 546.2. found [M+H]⁺ 524.2, [M+Na]⁺ 546.2. HPLC (JULY-L) (214 and 254 nm): R_(t) 8.89 min.

Example 5 Preparation of Compound 48

A mixture of compound 50 (150 mg, 0.27 mmol), N,N-dimethylsulfamide (41 mg, 0.33 mmol), DMAP (10 mg, 0.08 mmol) and DCC (68 mg, 0.33 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was stirred at RT overnight, TLC (DCM:MeOH=10:1) showed that most of the starting material was consumed. The mixture was diluted with DCM (30 mL), washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography (DCM:MeOH=1:0 to 50:1) to give compound 48 (75 mg, 43%) as a white solid LC-MS (Agilent, SYN-LCMS-P-2): R_(t) 2.89 min: m/z calculated for C₃₆H₃₅N₃O₆S [M+H]⁺ 638.2, [M+Na]⁺ 660.2. found [M+H]⁺ 638.3, [M+Na]⁺ 660.3. HPLC (JULY-L) (214 and 254 nm): R_(t) 9.59 min.

Example 6 Preparation of Compound 49

A mixture of compound 51 (70 mg, 0.127 mmol), N,N-dimethylsulfamide (19 mg, 0.153 mmol), DMAP (5 mg, 0.038 mmol) and DCC (32 mg, 0.153 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was stirred at RT overnight, TLC (DCM:MeOH=10:1) showed that most of the starting material was consumed. The mixture was diluted with DCM (30 mL), washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC to give Compound 49 (40 mg, 48%) as a white solid. LC-MS (Agilent, SYN-LCMS-P-2): R_(t) 2.95 min; m/z calculated for C₃₆H₃₄FN₃O₆S [M+H]⁺ 656.2, [M+Na]⁺ 678.2. found [M+H]⁺ 656.2, [M+Na]⁺ 678.2. HPLC (JULY-L) (214 and 254 nm): R_(t) 9.597 min.

Example 7 Preparation of Compound 50 1. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 50a

A mixture of the sodium salt of compound 33h (10.0 g, 18.8 mmol) and 10% Pd/C (1.0 g) in MeOH (150 mL) was stirred at RT under a H₂ atmosphere (1 atm) overnight, TLC (DCM:McOH=10:1) showed that the starting material was consumed. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give compound 50a (8.5 g, 117%) as a white solid, which was used in the next step without purification. LC-MS (Agilent, SYN-LCMS-P-2): R_(t) 2.97 min; m/z calculated for C₂₅H₂₃NO₅ [M+H]⁺ 418.2, [M+Na]⁺ 440.2. found [M+H]⁺ 418.2, [M+Na]⁺ 440.1.

2. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 50b

To a stirred solution of compound 50a (2.00 g, 4.55 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL) was added SOCl₂ (0.5 mL) and the mixture was heated at reflux for 3 h, TLC (DCM:MeOH=10:1) showed that the starting material was consumed. The mixture was cooled to RT, concentrated in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between EA and water. The organic layer was separated, washed with a saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution then brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give compound 50b (1.98 g, 100%) as a white solid. LC-MS (Agilent, SYN-LCMS-P-2): R_(t) 3.01 min; m/z calculated for C₂₆H₂₅NO₅ [M+H]⁺ 432.2, [M+Na]⁺ 454.2. found [M+H]⁺ 432.2, [M+Na]⁺ 454.2.

3. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 50c

A mixture of compound 50b (300 mg, 0.69 mmol), 1-(3-bromoprop-1-ynyl)benzene (163 mg, 0.83 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (143 mg, 1.04 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was heated at 50° C. overnight, TLC (PE:EA=1:1) showed that the starting material was consumed. The mixture was cooled to RT, poured into ice-water (100 mL) and extracted with ether (30 mL×3). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography (PE:EA=1:0 to 4:1) to give compound 50c (270 mg, 71%) as a white solid. LC-MS (Agilent, SYN-LCMS-P-2): R_(t) 3.26 min; m/z calculated for C₃₅H₃₁NO₅ [M+H]⁺ 546.2. found [M+H]⁺ 546.2.

4. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 50

A mixture of compound 50c (270 mg, 0.49 mmol) and LiOH.H₂O (79 mg, 1.88 mmol) in THF/H₂O (3 mL/1 mL) was stirred at RT overnight. TLC (PE:EA=1:1) showed that the starting material was consumed. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to remove the THF and the residue was dissolved in water (30 mL) and acidified to pH ˜4 with a 3 M aqueous HCl solution. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and the obtained solid was dissolved in DCM, washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was re-crystallized form PE/EA to give compound 50 (210 mg, 80%) as a white solid. LC-MS (Agilent, SYN-LCMS-P-2): R_(t) 2.81 min; m/z calculated for C₃₄H₂₉NO₅ [M+H]⁺ 532.2. found [M+H]⁺ 532.2. HPLC (JULY-L) (214 and 254 nm): R_(t) 9.63 min.

Example 8 Preparation of Compound 51 1. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 51a

To a stirred solution of 4-fluorophenylacetylene (5.0 g, 41.7 mmol) in THF (30 mL) at −65° C. under a N₂ atmosphere was added n-BuLi (2.5 M in hexane, 18.3 mL, 45.8 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at −65° C. for 1 h. Paraformaldehyde (2.5 g, 83.3 mmol) was added and the mixture was allowed to warm slowly to RT and stirred overnight, TLC (PE:EA=4:1) showed that the starting material was consumed. Water was added and the mixture was extracted with EA (30 mL). The organic extract was washed with water (20 mL×2), brine (20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give compound 51a (6.5 g, 100%) as a brown oil which was used in next step directly.

2. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 51b

To a solution of compound 51a (1.0 g, 6.67 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added PPh₃ (1.92 g, 7.34 mmol) then CBr₄ (2.21 g, 6.67 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at RT overnight, TLC (PE:EA=4:1) showed that the starting material was consumed. PE (30 mL) was added and the mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified by chromatography (100% PE) to give compound 51b (1.5 g, 100%) as a colorless oil.

3. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 51c

A mixture of compound 50b (300 mg, 0.69 mmol), compound 51b (177 mg, 0.83 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (143 mg, 1.04 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was heated at 50° C. overnight, TLC (PE:EA=1:1) showed that the starting material was consumed. The mixture was cooled to RT, poured into ice-water (80 mL) and extracted with ether (30 mL×3). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography (PE:EA=1:0 to 4:1) to give compound 51c (280 mg, 72%) as a white solid. LC-MS (Agilent, SYN-LCMS-P-2): R_(t) 3.41 min; m/z calculated for C₃₅H₃₀FNO₅ [M+H]⁺ 564.2, [M+Na]⁺ 586.2. found [M+H]⁺ 564.2, [M+Na]⁺ 586.2.

4. Procedure for the Preparation of Compound 51

A mixture of compound 51c (280 mg, 0.49 mmol) and LiOH.H₂O (63 mg, 1.49 mmol) in THF/H₂O (3 mL/1 mL) was stirred at RT overnight, TLC (PE:EA=1:1) showed that the starting material was consumed. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to remove the THF and the residue was dissolved in water (30 mL), acidified to pH ˜3 with 3 M aqueous HCl solution and extracted with DCM. The organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography (DCM:MeOH=1:0 to 100:1) to give compound 51 (120 mg, 44%) as a white solid. LC-MS (Agilent, SYN-LCMS-P-2): R_(t) 3.48 min; m/z calculated for C₃₄H₂₈FNO₅ [M+H]⁺ 550.2, [M+Na]⁺ 572.2. found [M+H]⁺ 550.2, [M+Na]⁺ 572.2. HPLC (JULY-L) (214 and 254 nm): R_(t) 9.64 min.

Biological Example 1 AT₂ Receptor Binding Media and Solutions

-   -   1. Trypsin-EDTA (for preparation of 100 mL)         -   Trypsin 0.25 g         -   2% EDTA 2 mL         -   PBS 98 mL         -   Dissolve trypsin in 2% EDTA and PBS completely; sterilize             the solution by passing through a 0.20 μM membrane filter;             store at 4° C.     -   2. DMEM medium (for preparation of IL)         -   The powder was dissolved into 950 mL of distilled water with             gentle stirring until the solution becomes clear.         -   Add NaHCO₃ 1.176 g for DMEM medium.         -   Adjust pH of medium to 0.2-0.3 below final working pH using             1 M NaOH or 1 M HCl. Add slowly with stirring.         -   Dilute to 1 liter with ddH₂O.         -   Sterilize the medium immediately by filtration.         -   Store at 4° C.     -   3. TE buffer         -   20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4.         -   5 mM EDTA     -   4. Binding Assay Buffer         -   50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4         -   5 mM MgCl₂         -   1 mM CaCl₂         -   0.2% BSA     -   5. Wash Buffer         -   50 mM Hepes, pH 7.4

Procedures for HEK293/AT₂ Receptor Transient Cell

transfection

-   -   Cells were plated into 150 mm dish at 50% density for transient         transfection. Cells were ready for transfection after overnight         incubation (the confluence reaches around 80%).     -   75 μL Lipofectamine™ 2000 diluted in 6.25 mL OptiMEM I Reduced         Serum Medium, was mixed gently, and incubated at room         temperature for 5 minutes, 50 μg expression plasmid DNA diluted         in 6.25 mL OptiMEM I Reduced Serum Medium without serum was         mixed gently.     -   After the 5 minute incubation, the diluted DNA was combined with         the diluted Lipofectamine™ 2000 (total volume is 12.5 mL). The         mixture was mixed gently and incubated for 30 minutes at room         temperature to allow the DNA-Lipofectamine™ 2000 complexes to         form.     -   The 12.5 mL DNA-Lipofectamine™ 2000 complexes were added into         the 150 mm dish and mixed gently by rocking the dish back and         forth.     -   The cells were incubated at 37° C. with 5% CO₂ for 48 hours.     -   Cells were collected and stored frozen at −80° C.

Procedures for HEK293/AT₂ Receptor Cell Membrane Preparation

-   -   Frozen HEK293/AT₂ receptor (transient transfected) cells were         homogenized in ice cold TE buffer for 10 s.     -   The homogenate was centrifuged at 25,000 g for 30 minutes.     -   The pellet was resuspended in ice cold tissue buffer.     -   Protein concentrations were determined using Bradford assay         method with BSA as standard.     -   The membrane protein was frozen under −80° C.

Compound Preparation

Solutions of all compounds were prepared by microplate liquid handling equipment such as Janus or Precision 2000. Compounds, dissolved in DMSO were stored in a Freezer. Compounds were prepared from 30 mM in 100% DMSO.

Step 1: Dose Plate Preparation (96 Well Plate)

-   -   Add the 3 μL [30 mM] compound stock to column 1 on the plate.     -   Add 15 μL of 100% DMSO to column 1.     -   Add 10.81 μL of 100% DMSO to column 2-12.     -   Transfer 5 μL from column 1 into column 2 (half log dilution).     -   Transfer 5 μL from column 2 into column 3 (half log dilution).     -   Transfer 5 μL from column 3 into column 4 (half log dilution).     -   Transfer 5 μL from column 4 into column 5 (half log dilution).     -   Transfer 5 μL from column 5 into column 6 (half log dilution).     -   Transfer 5 μL from column 6 into column 7 (half log dilution).     -   Transfer 5 μL from column 7 into column 8 (half log dilution).     -   Transfer 5 μL from column 8 into column 9 (half log dilution).     -   Transfer 5 μL from column 9 into column 10 (half log dilution)     -   Transfer 5 μL from column 10 into column 11 (half log dilution)     -   Transfer 5 μL from column 11 into column 12 (half log dilution).

All the compounds were diluted using Precision 2000 microplate liquid handling equipment. The top concentration of compound was 5 mM with 100% DMSO.

Step 2: Working Plate Preparation (96 Well Plate)

-   -   Compounds were diluted 50-fold with buffer.     -   49 μL buffer was added to the well of 96 well plate.     -   1 μL compound solution from dose plate was transferred to the         corresponding well of working plate.     -   The top concentration of compound was 100 μM with 2% DMSO.

Step 3: Assay Plate Preparation (96 Well Plate)

15 μL of compound solution was transferred from each well of working plate to the well of assay plate by Janus. Each compound was assayed in duplicate in each plate and there were 4 compounds per plate.

Procedures for AT₂ Receptor Binding Assay

-   -   120 μL membrane (5 mg protein/well) was incubated with 15 μL of         [¹²⁵I]-CGP42112A and 15 μL of compound at RT for 1.5 hrs.     -   The binding reaction was stopped by rapid filtration through         Unifilter GF/C plates (presoaked in 0.3% (v:v) BSA).     -   Plate was washed three times with ice cold wash buffer.     -   The filtration plates were dried at 37° C. overnight.     -   50 μL of scintillation cocktail was added to each well.     -   Radioactivity was determined using MicroBetaTriluxmicroplate         scintillation counter.

Data Analysis

Data was analyzed through 4 parameter logic using Prism 5.0 software.

The results are shown in the following Table:

Compound IC₅₀ (nM) 33 431.3 34 33.54 40 10.86 41 1793 48 79.53 49 205.8 50 96.15 51 133.2

REFERENCES

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1. A compound of formula (I):

wherein R₁ is —C(═O)CHR₆R₇, —C(═O)NR₆R₇, —C(═O)CH₂CHR₆R₇, —C(═O)CH═CR₆R₇, —C(═S)CHR₆R₇, —C(═S)NR₆R₇, —C(═S)CH₂CHR₆R₇, —C(═S)CH═CR₆R₇, —C(═NR₈)CHR₆R₇, —C(═NR₈)NR₆R₇, —C(═NR₈)CH₂CHR₆R₇ and —C(═NR₈)CH═CR₆R₇; one of R₂ and R₃ is hydrogen or oxo (═O) and the other is a carboxylic acid, —CH₂CO₂H, —C(═O)-2-glucuronic acid, —C(═O)C(═O)OH, —CH₂OH, —C(═O)NH₂, —CH₂C(═O)NH₂, —CN, —CH₂CN, a carboxylic acid bioisostere or a —CH₂-carboxylic acid bioisostere; R₄ is hydrogen, R₉, —C₁₋₆alkylR₉, —C₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —C₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —OH, —OR₉, —OC₁₋₆alkylR₉, —OC₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —OC₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —NHC(═O)R₉, —NHC(═O)C₁₋₆ alkylR₉, —NHC(═O)C₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —NHC(═O)C₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —NHC(═O)NHR₉, —NHC(═O)NHC₁₋₆alkylR₉, —NHC(═O)NHC₂₋₆alkenylR₉, —NHC(═O)NHC₂₋₆ alkynylR₉, —NHC(═O)OR₉, —NHC(═O)OC₁₋₆alkylR₉, —NHC(═O)OC₂₋₆ alkenylR₉, —NHC(═O)OC₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —NHSO₂R₉, —NHSO₂C₁₋₆alkylR₉, —NHSO₂C₂₋₆ alkenylR₉, —NHSO₂C₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —SO₂NHR₉, —SO₂NHC₁₋₆alkylR₉, —SO₂NHC₂₋₆ alkenylR₉, —SO₂NHC₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —C(═O)NHR₉, —C(═O)NHC₁₋₆alkylR₉, —C(═O)NHC₂₋₆ alkenylR₉, —C(═O)NHC₂₋₆alkynyl R₉, —C(═O)R₉, —C(═O)C₁₋₆alkylR₉, —C(═O)C₂₋₆ alkenylR₉, —C(═O)C₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —C(═O)OR₉, —C(═O)OC₁₋₆alkylR₉, —C(═O)OC₂₋₆ alkenylR₉, —C(═O)OC₂₋₆alkynylR₉, —C(═O)NHR₉, —C(═O)NHC₁₋₆alkylR₉, —C(═O)NHC₂₋₆alkenylR₉ or —C(═O)NHC₂₋₆alkynylR₉; R₅ is hydrogen, —OH, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C(R₁₀)₃, —OC(R₁₀)₃, aryl, —C₁₋₆alkylaryl or —OC₁₋₆ alkylaryl; R₆ and R₇ are independently hydrogen, —C₁₋₆alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, —CH₂aryl, —CH₂cycloalkyl, —CH₂cycloalkenyl, —CH₂heterocyclyl or —CH₂heteroaryl; provided that R₆ and R₇ are not both hydrogen; R₈ is hydrogen, —C₁₋₆alkyl, aryl or —C₁₋₆alkylaryl; R₉ is cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; each R₁₀ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogen; and wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; provided that: (i) R₄ and R₅ are not both hydrogen; and (ii) when R₂ is —CH₂OH, CO₂H or a carboxylic acid bioisostere and R₄ is hydrogen, phenyl, —Ophenyl, —C₁₋₄alkylphenyl or —OC₁₋₄alkylphenyl in which the alkyl group is unsubstituted, biphenyl, —Obiphenyl, naphthyl or —Onaphthyl, R₅ is not hydrogen, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, naphthyl, biphenyl or —Oaryl.
 2. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R¹ is —C(═O)CH(aryl)(aryl), —C(═O)CH(aryl)(cycloalkyl), —C(═O)CH(cycloalkyl)(cycloalkyl), —C(═O)N(aryl)(aryl), —C(═O)N(arylcycloalkyl) or —C(═O)N(cycloalkyl)(cycloalkyl).
 3. A compound according to claim 2 wherein R¹ is —C(═O)CH(phenyl)(phenyl), —C(═O)CH(phenyl)(cyclohexyl), —C(═O)CH(cyclohexyl)(cyclohexyl), —C(O)N(phenyl)(phenyl), —C(═O)N(phenyl)(cyclohexyl) or —C(═O)N(cyclohexyl)(cyclohexyl) wherein each phenyl or cyclohexyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from —C₁₋₃alkyl, —OC₁₋₃alkyl and halo.
 4. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R³ is hydrogen and R¹ is —CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂H, —C(═O)C(═O)OH, —C(═O)NHSO₂C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C(═O)NHSO₂phenyl, —C(═O)NHSO₂CF₃, —C(═O)NHSO₂N(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂, —C(═O)NHSO₂NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), —C(═O)NHSO₂N(CF₃)₂, —C(═O)NHSO₂NH(CF₃), —SO₃H or —PO₃H₂.
 5. A compound according to claim 4 wherein R² is —CO₂H or —C(═O)NHSO₂N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂.
 6. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R₄ is —OH, -aryl, -heterocyclyl, -heteroaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylaryl, —OC₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₂₋₆ alkenylaryl, —OC₂₋₆alkenylaryl, —C₂₋₆alkynylaryl, —OC₂₋₆alkynylaryl, —SO₂NHaryl, —SO₂NHC₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —SO₂NHC₂₋₆alkenylaryl, —SO₂NHC₂₋₆alkynylaryl, —NHSO₂aryl-NHSO₂C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —NHSO₂C₂₋₆alkenylaryl, —NHSO₂C₂₋₆alkynylaryl, —NHC(═)NHaryl, —NHC(═O)NHC₁₋₆alkylaryl, —NHC(═O)NHC₂₋₆alkenylaryl, —NHC(═O)NHC₂₋₆ alkynylaryl, —NHCO₂aryl, —NHCO₂C₁₋₆alkylaryl, —NHCO₂C₂₋₆alkenylaryl, —NHCO₂C₂₋₆alkynylaryl, each of which may be optionally substituted.
 7. A compound according to claim 6 wherein R₄ is phenyl, benzoxazole, 4-phenyloxazole, 1-piperidine, 4-phenyl-1-piperidine, —C₁₋₆alkylphenyl, —OC₁₋₆alkylphenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenylphenyl, —OC₂₋₆alkenylphenyl, —C₂₋₆alkynylphenyl, —OC₂₋₆ alkynylphenyl, —SO₂NHphenyl, —SO₂NHC₁₋₆alkylphenyl, —SO₂NHC₂₋₆alkenylphenyl, —SO₂NHC₂₋₆ alkynylphenyl, —NHSO₂phenyl-NHSO₂C₁₋₆alkylphenyl, —NHSO₂C₂₋₆alkenylphenyl, —NHSO₂C₂₋₆ alkynylphenyl, —NHC(═O)NHphenyl, —NHC(═O)NHC₁₋₆alkylphenyl, —NHC(═O)NHC₂₋₆alkenylphenyl, —NHC(═O)NHC₂₋₆alkynylphenyl, —NHCO₂phenyl, —NHCO₂C₁₋₆ alkylphenyl, —NHCO₂C₂₋₆alkenylphenyl, —NHCO₂C₂₋₆alkynylphenyl.
 8. A compound according to claim 7 wherein R₄ is phenyl, benzoxazole, 4-phenyloxazole, 1-piperidine, 4-phenyl-1-piperidine, —C₁₋₃alkylphenyl, —OC₁₋₃alkylphenyl, —C₂₋₃ alkenylphenyl, —OC₂₋₃alkenylphenyl, —C₂₋₃alkynylphenyl, —OC₂₋₃ alkynylphenyl, —SO₂NHphenyl, —SO₂NHC₁₋₃alkylphenyl, —SO₂NHC₂₋₃alkenylphenyl, —SO₂NHC₂₋₃ alkynylphenyl, —NHSO₂phenyl-NHSO₂C₁₋₃alkylphenyl, —NHSO₂C₂₋₃alkenylphenyl, —NHSO₂C₂₋₃alkynylphenyl, —NHC(═O)NHphenyl, —NHC(═O)NHC₁₋₃alkylphenyl, —NHC(═O)NHC₂₋₃alkenylphenyl, —NHC(═O)NHC₂₋₃alkynylphenyl, —NHCO₂phenyl, —NHCO₂C₁₋₃ alkylphenyl, —NHCO₂C₂₋₃alkenylphenyl or —NHCO₂C₂₋₃alkynylphenyl.
 9. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R₅ is hydrogen, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl or —OC(R₁₀)₃.
 10. A compound according to claim 9 wherein R₅ is —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl or OC(R₁₀)₃.
 11. A compound according to claim 10 wherein R₅ is —OH, —OCH₃, —OCF₃ or —OCHF₂.
 12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 13. A method of treating or preventing neuropathic pain in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 14. A method of treating or preventing a condition characterized by neuronal hypersensitivity in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 15. A method or treating or preventing inflammatory pain in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 16. A method of treating or preventing impaired nerve conduction velocity in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 17. A method of producing analgesia in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 18. A method of treating or preventing a cell proliferative disorder in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 19. A method of treating or preventing a disorder associated with an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 20. A method of treating a disorder associated with aberrant nerve regeneration in a subject comprising administering a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 